Architecture and towns

• Plan-relief French military engineering; notably Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban · 1500s-1700s
• Nolli figure-ground plan Giambattista Nolli · 1748
• Hanging chain model Antoni Gaudi · 1889
• Outlook Tower regional survey Patrick Geddes · 1892
• Bubble (adjacency) diagram Architectural programming practice; no single originator · 1900s
• Sun-path diagram Various; popularised by Victor Olgyay · 1900s
• Bioclimatic chart Victor Olgyay · 1953/1963
• Shading mask protractor Victor Olgyay and Aladár Olgyay · 1957
• Mental-map notation Kevin Lynch · 1960
• Serial vision Gordon Cullen · 1961
• Thiel space notation Philip Thiel · 1961
• View from the Road notation Donald Appleyard, Kevin Lynch and John Randolph Myer · 1964
• Motation Lawrence Halprin · 1965
• Ekistic grid Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis · 1968
• Givoni building bioclimatic chart Baruch Givoni · 1969
• Isovist Michael Benedikt · 1979
• Axial map and justified graph Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson · 1984